1. drink 的用法:
★ drink 喝
Would you like to drink some tea?
He drank the cup empty. 他痛饮一杯。
Let‘s have something to drink.
★ drink 饮料
I like a cold drink on a hot day.
Tea, water and milk are all drinks. 茶、水及牛奶都是饮料。
〖 注意 〗 drink 作饮料解时,多作可数名词,作为“酒”解时,多为不可数名词。
2. some 与 any 的用法。
★ some 表示 “ 一些 ” ,可以用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词,修饰可数名词时该名词要用复数,
如 some apples, some eggs, some students 等;修饰不可数名词,如: some water, some money 等。
★ some 一般用于陈述句或肯定句,在否定句或者疑问句中一般用 any ,不用 some 。
e.g. I would like some water. (肯定句 / 陈述句)
There aren't any students in the classroom. (否定句)
Are there any birds in the tree? (疑问句)
但是在一般疑问句中如果表示期望得到对方的肯定回答,一般用 some 而不用 any 。
e.g. Would you like some bread? 你想吃些面包吗?
Can you give me some bottles of water? 你能给我几瓶水吗?
〖 注意 〗 any 和可数名词复数或不可数名词连用,用于疑问句、否定句及条件从句中。肯定句中用 some , 但有些疑问句表示建议、请求、反问等,则多用 some 。如: Can you give me some paper? ( 能给我一些纸吗 ? )
★ any 表示“任何“
Come any time you like.
〖 注意〗 any 作“任何”解时,是正面用法,用于肯定句,和可数名词单数或不可数名词一道使用 .
3. have\has got 的用法:
英语中表示 “ 所有 ” 用 have ,口语中常用 have got ,其否定形式为 haven\'t got ,疑问形式为 Have…got… ?在美国英语中常使用 don\'t have , Do… have… ?例如:
1). I've got a book about chemistry. = I have a book about chemistry .我有一本化学书。
2). He hasn't got an umbrella. = He doesn't have an umbrella . 他没有雨伞。
3). –Have you got a pencil sharpener? = Do you have a pencil sharpener ?
–Yes, here you are.
4). ― Hello.
― Hello, Francis.
― Hello. I've got a new job.
I've got new job. 意思是我找到了一份新工作,那么这个 "have got" 在英语当中是一个很常用的句式,也就是有 “ 得到 ” 的意思。比如说 I've got a new idea. 我有了新的主意 新的想法。
5). ― Have you got any clean glasses?
― No, I haven't.
― There are some glasses over there.
― Oh, thanks.
6). ― Have you got a table for two?
― Of course, sir, this way, please.
― One fish, one steak, two salads.
― Have you got any German wine?
― German wine?
― No, I'm sorry madam.
― We haven't got any German wine.
― We've got some Italian wine.
7). ― Have you any tickets for the National Theatre?
― We haven't got any for this evening.
― But we have got some for Thursday.
― Oh, good.
― Can I have ten tickets for Thursday then, please?
― Ten! I'm sorry,
― we haven't got ten. We have only got four.
― All right.
4. 可数名词单、复数变化形式
( 1 )规则变化。
单数名词词尾直接加 -s 。如: boy — boys, pen — pens 。
②以 s 、 x 、 ch 、 sh 结尾的单词一般加 -es 。如: glass — glasses, box— boxes, watch — watches, brush — brushes 。
③以“辅音字母 + y” 结尾的变 “y” 为 “i” 再加 “-es” 。如: baby — babies, lady — ladies.
④以“ o” 结尾的多数加 -es 。如: tomato — tomatoes, potato — potatoes, hero — heroes 。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以 o 结尾的词只加 -s 。 如: radio — radios, zoo — zoos, photo — photos, piano — pianos, kilo — kilos, tobacco — tobaccos 。
⑤以“ f” 或 “fe” 结尾的名词复数形式变 “f” 或 “fe” 为 “v” ,之后再加 -es 。如: wife — wives, life — lives, knife — knives, wolf— wolves, self — selves, leaf — leaves 等。特例: handkerchief— handkerchiefs, roof — roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs,belief — beliefs, cliff — cliffs 。
⑥改变元音字母的。如: man — men, mouse — mice, foot — feet,
woman — women, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, ox — oxen 。特例: child — children 。
⑦复合名词的复数形式。( A )在复合词中最后名词尾加 -s 。如: armchair — armchairs, bookcase — bookcases, bookstore — book-stores 。( B ) man 和 woman 作定语修饰另一个名词时,前后两个名词都要变成复数。如: man doctor — men doctors, woman driver — women drivers 。( C )与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加 -s 。如: brother-in-law — brothers-in-law, passer-by — passers-by 。
⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如: penny 的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如: pence (便士的钱数), pennies( 便士的枚数 ) 。
( 2 )不规则变化。
①单、复数同形。如: means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works (工厂) ,cattle 。
②合成名词的复数。如: boy-friend — boy-friends, go-between— go-betweens( 中间人 ) , grown-up — grown-ups 。
③有些名词通常只用作复数。如: glasses 眼镜, clothes 衣服, goods 货物, trousers 裤子, belongings 所有物 ,wages 工资, riches 财富 , surroundings 环境, ashes 灰尘 , cattle 家畜, congratulations 祝贺, have words with somebody. 同某人吵架, in high spirits 以很高热情地, give one's regards to somebody. 向某人问候, in rags 衣衫破烂, It is good manners to do something. 有礼貌做某事。
④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如: people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数,如: machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery; 有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看作整体,复数看作集体的各个成员。如: The crew is large. 船员人数很多(指整体); The crew are all tired. 船员们都累坏了(个体)。
5. 可数名词与不可数名词量的表达:
★可数名词的数量表达:可以直接用表示数量的词来修饰,如数词 one, two, three 等,冠词 a 或 an ,
或 some, many 等。
e.g. a map, two cakes, some apples, many children…
★不可数名词的量的表达:不可数名词的数量一般可以借助量词来表示,由量词+ of +名词构成。
e.g. a bag of rice, three pieces of meat, five bottles of water …
6. Food 食物
We can't live without food and drink.
没有食物和饮料,我们就无法生存。
Many Americans like Chinese food very much.
〖 注意 〗 food 统指食物时,不可数, a food 是“一种食物”, foods 是多种食物。
本模块出现 food , rice , bread , meat , tea , milk , water 等单词,都是不可数名词。一般来说,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,因此没有复数形式。如不能说 two breads , three milks , 也不能说 a bread , one tea 。
不可数名词的量,可用 a … of , two … s of 来表示。如: a bottle of water 一瓶水, two cups of milk 两杯牛奶, a piece of bread 一块 ( 片 ) 面包等。
e.g.)a cup of ( tea ) 一杯 ( 茶 )
a bottle of ( milk ) 一瓶 ( 牛奶 )
a glass of ( water ) 一杯 ( 水 )
7. but
连词 but 连接的两个句子则表示意思上的转折。有 “ 但是 ” 的意思。 例如:
All of them passed the exam, but I didn't pass.
The apple looks nice, but it tastes bad.
but 用作介词,表示“除 …… 之外”,相当于 except 。例如:
We have classes everyday but Sundays.
Last night I did nothing but watch TV. |